Analysis Of Comunication Skill Example

Automated Teller Machine: Innovation in the Banking Industry

Computerized Teller Machine: Innovation in the Banking Industry The financial business possesses a key situation in the money related arrangement of any economy, since there will no monetary development except if there is satisfactory diverting of reserve funds into venture. The banks are answerable for expanding the degree of reserve funds and speculations, allowing of credit and for the most part impacting the degree of gracefully of cash in the economy. They additionally encourage financial exchanges between countries in this way reassuring and advancing exchange, business and industry. Banks and banking is an old calling yet the advanced financial practice as we probably am aware it today, began in the medieval days in Italian urban communities of Florence, Venice and Genoa. In Nigeria, banking authoritatively had a formal administrative support in 1952 (alford, 2010) and from that point forward, there has been gigantic development in the business, which accepted to have been fuelled generally by changes in innovation and the banks capacity to grasp these progressions effectively by executing clever thoughts in their offer to control a huge portion of the market. The improvement of self help innovation and the developing of various new advancements are occurring in the region of retail installments known as electronic cash. (Mohamad Al-Laham, 2009). This improvement is affecting the financial business because of the expanded utilization of Automated Teller Machines. This prompted another idea in the ATM, known as the Cash/Check Deposit Automated Teller Machine (ATM ). The goal of this paper is to show that the advancement of the Cash/Check store Automated Teller Machine (ATM) ought to be seen as an advancement in the financial business in creating nations. We additionally intend to discover the methodology and execution systems received by the association in dealing with the development, inspect its advantages to the bank lastly, distinguishing the pretended by the administrator in the advancement. With the end goal of this paper, we utilize the presentation of Cash/check store ATM by Skye Bank PLC., situated in Nigeria as a contextual investigation. As indicated by (eShekels Limited, 2006), the historical backdrop of ATMs dated back to the USA in the mid 1960s and picked up grounds world over, during the 70s. Notwithstanding, in Nigeria, the ATM was presented in 1989 by the outdated Societe Generale Bank and has from that point forward, the ATMs seem to have spread wherever across Nigeria. eShekels constrained, further placed that the financial business no uncertainty has seen progression in innovation simply like some other segment; the utilization of the robotized teller machine is one of these as it influences banking activities altogether. With the appropriation of Self Service innovation by the banks, ATMs have kept on adjusting the masses; they offer accommodation to clients and give banking administrations well past the conventional assistance time frame. It along these lines empowers a cashless society. In this way, disposing of the danger of loss of money through robbery or fire as saw previously, making a success win s ituation for parties concerned. Ventures and organizations working in a dynamic and unpredictable condition consistently search for approaches to make their development a persistent procedure. They accept they can do this by finding new and inventive methods of keeping up or improving their piece of the pie. The way toward transforming these imaginative thoughts into realities is known as advancement. As per the Wikipedia, Innovation is an adjustment in the strategy for accomplishing something, or the helpful use of new developments or disclosures. It might likewise allude to major or key changes in speculation, items, procedures, or associations. (Sarkar, 2007) in refering to Michael Vance streamlined development as a formation of the new or re-orchestrating of the old in another manner. He went further by recognizing advancement from innovation by citing Schumpeter (1934), supporters of the insightful writing on advancement regularly recognize creation, a thought made show, and development, thoughts applied effectively practically speaking. In all consequence of life, be it expressions, science, financial aspects or government arrangement, something new should be essentially unique to be viewed as an advancement. (Sarkar, 2007), further expressed the distinction or change should anyway have the option to expand esteem, be it client worth, or maker esteem. The goal of development is certain change, to improve a person or thing and eventually prompting expanded efficiency which is the essential wellspring of expanding riches in an economy he closed. There are various sorts of distinguished advancements. Some of them are featured underneath: * Business Model advancement includes changing the manner in which business is done as far as catching worth for example Compaq versus Dell, center point and talked carriers versus Southwest, and Hertz/Avis versus Venture. * Marketing advancement is the improvement of new advertising strategies with progress in item plan or bundling, item advancement or estimating. * Organizational development includes the creation or change of business structures, practices, and models, and may along these lines incorporate procedure, showcasing and plan of action advancement. * Process development includes the execution of another or fundamentally improved creation or conveyance technique. * Product development, includes the presentation of another great or administration that is new or considerably improved. This may remember enhancements for utilitarian qualities, specialized capacities, usability, or some other measurement. * Service advancement is like item development with the exception of that the development identifies with administrations as opposed to items. Todays United Bank for Africa Plc. (UBA) is the result of the merger of Nigerias (third) and (fifth) biggest banks, in particular the old UBA and the past Standard Trust Bank Plc. (STB) individually, and an ensuing securing of the recent Continental Trust Bank Limited (CTB). The association developed as the primary fruitful corporate mix throughout the entire existence of Nigerian banking. UBAs history goes back to 1948 when the British and French Bank Limited (BFB) started business in Nigeria and the past STB and CTB both in 1990. Following Nigerias autonomy from Britain, UBA was consolidated in 1961 to assume control over the matter of BFB. In spite of the fact that todays UBA rose during a period of industry combination incited by guideline, the united UBA was a result of a longing to lead the local segment to another time of worldwide pertinence by advocating the production of the Nigerian buyer money showcase, driving a private/open segment association at supporting the increasing speed of Nigerias monetary turn of events, and developing the organization from a banking to a one-stop budgetary administrations foundation, while spreading its impressions across Africa to gain the notoriety for being the substance of banking in the mainland. Today, United Bank for Africa Plc. is one of Africas driving monetary foundations offering widespread banking to in excess of 7 million clients across 750 branches in 14 African nations. With nearness in New York, London and Paris and resources in abundance of $19bn, UBA is your accomplice for banking administrations for Africans and African related organizations universally http://www.ubagroup.com/gathering/genericpage/19 Skye Bank PLC is a freely cited organization in Nigeria with more than 300,000 investors and is in fact probably the most seasoned bank in Nigeria and West Africa. It furnishes money related items and administrations with a strong innovative foundation that bolsters the administration conveyance procedure to clients. After the bank combination process in 2006, Skye bank formed into one of the top money related organizations in Nigeria. By and by, it oversees in excess of 250 branches in the nation with more than 600 operational ATM machines inside their business premises and other very much positioned area the nation over. In 2009, the Bank as a component of its development and extension system and its assurance to give world class and bleeding edge administrations to its dominant part of clients, Skye Bank Plc., presented progression in its electronic installment arrangements, with the dispatch of new money store, check store and remote trade Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), an accomplishment extraordinary throughout the entire existence of Nigerian financial industry. Mr Chuma Ezirim, Deputy General Manager of the bank, during the starting of the item, said Depositing money on the ATMs is basic. A client basically openings in their card, after which the person is given choices on the screen. To store money every one of the a client needs to do is select the money store alternative on the screen, after which the ATM will open the money acknowledgment space. A client can store a wrap of up to 200 notes one after another, without arranging them into various sections, as the ATM acknowledges 100, 200, 500 and 1,000 notes. The ATM will approve each note to affirm it is veritable, include the notes and hold bonded. The client is then informed of the note check and the aggregate and given the alternative to proceed, embed extra notes or drop the exchange. Our clients can likewise store Checks in ATMs. Each register is embedded with the ATM through the ATM Check Processor opening. As the check is embedded, it is imaged, both front and back, the picture is shown on the screen and, in this way, imprinted on the receipt to give the client positive affirmation that the bank has acknowledged the check. At the point when the register is embedded with the ATM, it is perused by a MICR peruser to guarantee that a MICR code line is available and that it is a substantial check. In the event that the ATM can't confirm the check, it tends to be dismissed and come back to the client. The picture of the confirmed check, along with the caught code line information, can be passed to the back-office for preparing. Checks are gotten up times by assigned officials for additional handling. Beforehand, all exchanges that include checks and outside cash are constantly done at the counter, aggravated by long lines and postponements. Marc Bourreau, Marianne Verdier, Coo

Reasons to Designate a Social Media-free Period for Yourself Every Day

Reasons to Designate a Social Media-free Period for Yourself Every Day Why Disconnecting From Social Media is Good for Your Mental Health Why Disconnecting From Social Media is Good for Your Mental Health Since at least 2013-2014, psychologists have been sounding the alarm about a mental health crisis on today’s college and university campuses. Evidence suggests that today’s college-age students suffer from higher levels of stress and psychopathology than ever before. That same article in Psychology Today claims that of the campus counselling centre directors surveyed in their study, 95 percent felt the number of students with significant psychological problems was a growing concern. The link between social media use and mental health With social media consuming so much of our time and lives in the 21st century, a lot of research has gone into determining how that fixation affects us psychologically. The results it is not hard to predict were not comforting. If you are a university student and are wondering how you can foster good mental health throughout your postsecondary career, taking regular, scheduled breaks from social media can really help. Below are some of the reasons why and how. Improved self-esteem Social media certainly is not all negative. Websites like Facebook are great for keeping in touch with friends and family members, especially those scattered across the globe, and provides a convenient multimedia platform for sharing humour, videos, and keeping one another up-to-date on daily life. However, it can, and frequently does involve a lot of unhealthy voyeurism and showboating. Social media like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram are typically used to highlight the most enviable aspects of a person’s life. While we all know someone who takes to their social media to complain and look for sympathy, much of what you see on someone’s Facebook and Instagram accounts is carefully curated success. People want others to view them and their lives favourably, and to appear as though everything in their lives is perfect. Baby showers, vacations, weddings, new cars, gifts, friends, partiesif you spend too much time comparing your own life to those of people you know on social media, it might start to feel like yours has some major deficiencies. This is known as Facebook envy, and it can have some serious mental health repercussions, including depression and anxiety. Take a break from peering into the heavily biased portrayals of other people’s lives, and you will be a much happier, mentally healthier person for it. Face-to-face interaction builds empathy and strengthens human connections With so much of our interacting done through a screen, it is no wonder that people are losing their ability to relate to and be social with their fellow human beings. Many people enjoy the convenience of screen-to-screen relationships and interaction because it is just easier. It requires less effort to rattle off a series of texts than to schedule a coffee date with a friend; it’s easier to back out of plans last minute using Facebook, than it is to hear and see the disappointment in a person’s face, and it is easier to say something rude and hurtful over social media than it is to directly confront a person. Relying on social media for any and all communication is learned behaviour. While it is certainly necessary to use social media for some forms of communication (coordinating group meetings, talking to multiple people at the same time, etc.), there are many instances in our daily lives where we choose to use social media because we simply do not want to deal with another human being. Make a habit of avoiding social media communication at least a few times per day, and exercise emotional intelligence. You might actually get some work done A 2014 study from Baylor College found that male and female students spent, on average, 8 to 10 hours per-day on social media. Postsecondary, while in many respects is still not a full-fledged adult life, is meant to be treated as a full-time endeavour. It requires majority of your time, especially between attending classes, reading, writing, and studying. That is not to say you should not make time for other aspects in your life, but spending a third (or more) of your waking hours on social media is definitely going to reflect your performance in your education. Wherever you are going to school, and however much you are paying, you are paying to be there (or your family is). Social media is addictive. The desire to see what is going on in the lives of people you know, and the need to advertise your own is a powerful one. Fighting it means showing some self-restraint. If you just cannot bring yourself to put the phone down when you should be preparing for that midterm exam, there are available apps (like “SelfControl”) which allow you to block certain websites for a set period of time. It makes sense that it would be easier to find the motivation to study when things like Facebook and Instagram are temporarily blocked. Human beings did not naturally evolve to adapt with something like social media. The mind-altering power of Facebook and Instagram (both the obsession and the neuroses) really do impact your quality of life, and can eat up thousands of hours of your time over the course of a year. It seems reasonable to speculate that modern people, at the end of their lives, will look back with regret on the tens-of-thousands of hours spent glued to their phone screens, obsessing over the lives of other people, and whatever trivialities they thought important at the time. Your mental health is just as important as your physical health, perhaps even more so, because a compromised mind means happiness and satisfaction will always remain just out of reach. If you are struggling with your mental health at university, and feel like your coursework has become an impossible, soul-crushing task, reach out to Homework Help Global and let us take some of the burden off your hands. References: Barr, S. (2018). “Six Ways Social Media Negatively Affects Your Mental Health.” The Independent. Retrieved from: Henriques, G. (2014). “The College Student Mental Health Crisis.” Psychology Today. Retrieved from: the-college-student-mental-health-crisis Wood, J. (2014). “College Students in Study Spend 8 to 10 hours Daily on Cell Phone.” Psych Central. Retrived from: Reasons to Designate a Social Media-free Period for Yourself Every Day Why Disconnecting From Social Media is Good for Your Mental Health Why Disconnecting From Social Media is Good for Your Mental Health Since at least 2013-2014, psychologists have been sounding the alarm about a mental health crisis on today’s college and university campuses. Evidence suggests that today’s college-age students suffer from higher levels of stress and psychopathology than ever before. That same article in Psychology Today claims that of the campus counselling centre directors surveyed in their study, 95 percent felt the number of students with significant psychological problems was a growing concern. The link between social media use and mental health With social media consuming so much of our time and lives in the 21st century, a lot of research has gone into determining how that fixation affects us psychologically. The results it is not hard to predict were not comforting. If you are a university student and are wondering how you can foster good mental health throughout your postsecondary career, taking regular, scheduled breaks from social media can really help. Below are some of the reasons why and how. Improved self-esteem Social media certainly is not all negative. Websites like Facebook are great for keeping in touch with friends and family members, especially those scattered across the globe, and provides a convenient multimedia platform for sharing humour, videos, and keeping one another up-to-date on daily life. However, it can, and frequently does involve a lot of unhealthy voyeurism and showboating. Social media like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram are typically used to highlight the most enviable aspects of a person’s life. While we all know someone who takes to their social media to complain and look for sympathy, much of what you see on someone’s Facebook and Instagram accounts is carefully curated success. People want others to view them and their lives favourably, and to appear as though everything in their lives is perfect. Baby showers, vacations, weddings, new cars, gifts, friends, partiesif you spend too much time comparing your own life to those of people you know on social media, it might start to feel like yours has some major deficiencies. This is known as Facebook envy, and it can have some serious mental health repercussions, including depression and anxiety. Take a break from peering into the heavily biased portrayals of other people’s lives, and you will be a much happier, mentally healthier person for it. Face-to-face interaction builds empathy and strengthens human connections With so much of our interacting done through a screen, it is no wonder that people are losing their ability to relate to and be social with their fellow human beings. Many people enjoy the convenience of screen-to-screen relationships and interaction because it is just easier. It requires less effort to rattle off a series of texts than to schedule a coffee date with a friend; it’s easier to back out of plans last minute using Facebook, than it is to hear and see the disappointment in a person’s face, and it is easier to say something rude and hurtful over social media than it is to directly confront a person. Relying on social media for any and all communication is learned behaviour. While it is certainly necessary to use social media for some forms of communication (coordinating group meetings, talking to multiple people at the same time, etc.), there are many instances in our daily lives where we choose to use social media because we simply do not want to deal with another human being. Make a habit of avoiding social media communication at least a few times per day, and exercise emotional intelligence. You might actually get some work done A 2014 study from Baylor College found that male and female students spent, on average, 8 to 10 hours per-day on social media. Postsecondary, while in many respects is still not a full-fledged adult life, is meant to be treated as a full-time endeavour. It requires majority of your time, especially between attending classes, reading, writing, and studying. That is not to say you should not make time for other aspects in your life, but spending a third (or more) of your waking hours on social media is definitely going to reflect your performance in your education. Wherever you are going to school, and however much you are paying, you are paying to be there (or your family is). Social media is addictive. The desire to see what is going on in the lives of people you know, and the need to advertise your own is a powerful one. Fighting it means showing some self-restraint. If you just cannot bring yourself to put the phone down when you should be preparing for that midterm exam, there are available apps (like “SelfControl”) which allow you to block certain websites for a set period of time. It makes sense that it would be easier to find the motivation to study when things like Facebook and Instagram are temporarily blocked. Human beings did not naturally evolve to adapt with something like social media. The mind-altering power of Facebook and Instagram (both the obsession and the neuroses) really do impact your quality of life, and can eat up thousands of hours of your time over the course of a year. It seems reasonable to speculate that modern people, at the end of their lives, will look back with regret on the tens-of-thousands of hours spent glued to their phone screens, obsessing over the lives of other people, and whatever trivialities they thought important at the time. Your mental health is just as important as your physical health, perhaps even more so, because a compromised mind means happiness and satisfaction will always remain just out of reach. If you are struggling with your mental health at university, and feel like your coursework has become an impossible, soul-crushing task, reach out to Homework Help Global and let us take some of the burden off your hands. References: Barr, S. (2018). “Six Ways Social Media Negatively Affects Your Mental Health.” The Independent. Retrieved from: Henriques, G. (2014). “The College Student Mental Health Crisis.” Psychology Today. Retrieved from: the-college-student-mental-health-crisis Wood, J. (2014). “College Students in Study Spend 8 to 10 hours Daily on Cell Phone.” Psych Central. Retrived from:

Human Trafficking And Exploitation Of Women - 1388 Words

Human trafficking has always been a problem around the world. The human trafficking industry contains many different branches: trafficking for forced labor, trafficking for cells and organs, people smuggling, sexual exploitation of children, and sex exploitation of women (interpol). This industry as a whole is internationally run and is worth about $150 billion dollars from a recent 2017 statistic (venturebeat). An estimated 21 million victims are trapped in the trafficking industry and about 22% (4.5 million) of them are exploited for sexual use (humanrightsfirst). While the sex trafficking and exploitation branch isn’t the largest, it is the most profitable, generating about $99 billion dollars. One trafficker can make thousands of†¦show more content†¦Typically these women will believe it because there are chances those websites/apps are where they primarily do their business; so there is not any reason they should be skeptical. Women looking for jobs in what they love to do aren’t the only ones who are targeted. Those looking for love are also targeted because some women just want to be wanted. The traffickers know this and will give these women all their attention and make them believe that they are in a relationship. A major trace that the traffickers leave are message threads between them and victims. It is hard to get rid of all evidence when trafficking over the internet because nothing on the internet is ever â€Å"gone† forever. However, two upcoming apps that is being used by traffickers are Snapchat and Whatsapp (venturebeat). The messages and pictures disappear after a certain period of time, without a trace. No one really knows if those messages are stored somewhere so they can be accessed when needed. This is why traffickers will use those apps, it is seen as a â€Å"cleaner† way to do their jobs. CASES Trafficking happens all over the world and most of the time, the traffickers are not caught until undescrible damage is some to the victims. A recent case of sex trafficking was between a man named Akeli Blake (25) and a young girl. The two met on a dating site and chatted for a few months before meeting up. They went out on a date and after it did not goShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking Is The Exploitation Of Men, Women, And Children1014 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Trafficking is the exploitation of men, women, and children in order to gain a monetary benefit from the involuntary sex acts the victims are forced to commit. Trafficking rings are usually run by one pimp or a family of pimps that charm the victim by offering them a better future of love and promise. However, this life does not consist of those charming promises. As the testimonies below will show, human trafficking may be stated as a good monetary business and life choice, but instead, traffickingRead MoreHuman Traffic king1355 Words   |  6 PagesRigdon November 16, 2014 Human Trafficking and its Dire Effects. Human Trafficking in the United States is something not a lot of people discuss. Most think it is only something that happens in third world countries, but in fact could be happening in their hometown. According to Protocol to Prevent, Subdue and Punish Trafficking in Persons, human trafficking in the modern world entails transfer of persons by use of applied force. Other methods used to enforce the trafficking include use of deceptionRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1746 Words   |  7 PagesChild sex trafficking is an international threat to the happiness of children everywhere. Children are our hope. They are the inspiration for a lot of the humanitarian work in which many people around the world are involved. Threats to the well-being of children are numerous. In addition to many living in less than stable familial environments, children today are continually forced to face the effects of a conflict filled society, regardless of their country of origin. Creating an environment thatRead MoreHuman Goods : Child Trafficking For Sexual Exploitation893 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Goods: Child Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 20% of all human trafficking victims worldwide are under the age of 18 (UNODC Report on Human Trafficking Exposes Modern Form of Slavery). Child trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, and receipt of a person under the age of 18 for the purpose of exploitation. Trafficking victims will be used for forced labor, domesticated servitude, organ harvesting, andRead MoreGlobalization And Human Sex Trafficking1509 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalisation and Human Sex Trafficking in South Eastern Europe Kerrin Proctor Griffith University Globalisation and Human Sex Trafficking in South Eastern Europe Globalisation has greatly affected the global community in both positive and negative ways. One of the ways in which globalisation has had a negative impact on the global community is through the rise in the number of people who fall victim to human trafficking (Jones, Engstrom, Hilliard Diaz, 2007). Human trafficking is a seriousRead MoreHuman Trafficking Within Cambodia A Problem1703 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The purpose of the research paper is to understand the concept of human trafficking within Cambodia. Furthermore, it is important to understand how the country is dealing with the epidemic of human trafficking. Indeed, it is imperative to introduce to the reader, first, the background and history of human trafficking in Cambodia. Next, to elaborate on the responses to the issue. Finally, in conclusion, include the challenges Cambodia encounters while trying to implement the laws, recommendationsRead MoreHuman Trafficking as a Global Issue1405 Words   |  6 Pagesslave trade’. Within this, there are approximately 800, 000 women, men and children trafficked globally each year (Brysk and Choi-Fitzpatrick, p.2), and approximately 187, 000 of these people are trafficked into industrialised economies like the UK. It is important to recognise that there are differing types of trafficking globally, including voluntary, involuntary, trafficking into labour exploitation and traffickin g into sexual exploitation. However, for the purpose of this report, we will look moreRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Grave Crime And A Serious Violation Of Human Rights1555 Words   |  7 PagesHumana Trafficking Introduction Human trafficking refers to the practice of recruiting, transferring, transporting, receiving, or harboring people through the use of force, threat, or other forms of abduction, coercion, deception, fraud, as well as abuse of power or vulnerability position (Segrave 2). Human trafficking is a grave crime and a serious violation of human rights as it involves a broad range of human exploitations, including forced labor, sexual exploitation, slavery practices, as wellRead More Child Trafficking Essays1660 Words   |  7 PagesChild Trafficking â€Å"The global market of child trafficking is at over $12 billion a year with over 2 million child victims† (â€Å"Stop Child Trafficking Now† 1). This statement from the article â€Å"Stop Child Trafficking Now† describes how serious this crisis is nationwide. Child labor, illegal adoptions and child prostitution are the three forms child trafficking typically exists as (â€Å"Riverkids Project† 1). There has been a rising number of Cambodian children being trafficked for sexual exploitation andRead MoreChild Welfare Committee / Juvenile Justice Board968 Words   |  4 Pagesfocus on the prevention of trafficking among children and protection of the child victims are: ï‚ § SAARTHAK: working in Delhi focus on providing mental health resources and process for the victims after rescued. ï‚ § RESCUE FOUNDATION: working in Maharashtra and runs shelter home with facilities such as counseling, training (vocational and life-skills), legal assistance, health care services (physical and psychological) and consequent repatriation. ï‚ § PRAJWALA: anti trafficking organisation based in Hyderabad

History of the United States from 1877 to 1917 Industrial...

History of the United States from 1877 to 1917: Industrial Revolution There are five important things that every American citizen needs to know about the time period from 1877 to 1917: #5. The 1896 Presidential elections in which William McKinley was elected, marked one of the most important elections of the 19th century since the beginning and the end of Civil War when Abraham Lincoln was the President. The 1896 elections were highly symbolic in that the victory of McKinley also meant victory for the urban middle-class over the agrarian interests of the West and South. The signing of the Gold Standard Act by McKinley eliminated the economic danger posed by the idea of free silver which would have resulted in inflation and cheap†¦show more content†¦Washington, an influential black leader, reformer, and educator, advocated for the tactics of racial solidarity, peace, and non-confrontation which formed the foundation of many of the approaches used by Civil Rights leaders (Booker T. W.E.B). A good example is Martin Luther King Jr. However, his idea of conformity largely served to justify the inequality and segregation that the whites were perpetuating agai nst the blacks. Most evident to me is his speech in 1895 which came to be referred to as the Atlanta â€Å"Compromise† Speech. This speech was followed by the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Plessy v. Furgeson case that â€Å"separate, but equal† was constitutional (Velm 188). This ruling was only pronounced unconstitutional 60 years later in the Brown v. Board of Education case (Scheb and Stephens 490). However, this does not imply that the cause of this long duration between segregation and integration was Booker T. Washington; rather, it was not of much help for a black leader to support conformity and segregation at a time when blacks were desperate to achieve integration and equal rights. Nevertheless, his ideas of education and peace were good and contributed in a significant way to the success of Civil Rights movements of the 1960’s (Booker T. W.E.B). #3. Large corporations and businesses and not politicians, takes control over America following the rise of the railroad industry. The railroad industry saw a period of remarkable growth and served as theShow MoreRelated U.S. History 1877-1933 Essay1028 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The United States emerged from a virulent, intense, and inhumane civil war and evolved into a new nation during this period. This transition was the culmination of political, economic, social, and cultural movements which transformed the nation. E Pluribus Unum - out of many United States, one nation; the United States was forged in the cauldron of these revolutions.quot;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The above statement is one thatRead MoreA SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:3529 Words   |  15 PagesA SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS: Part 1: Colonial Period to Civil War Colonial Times 1607 -1775 1. From 1600 -1763, several European nations vied for control of the North American continent. Why did England win the struggle? (73) 2. In the seventeenth century, New England Puritans tried to create a model society. What were their aspirations, and to what extent were those aspirations fulfilled during the seventeenth century? (83) 3. In the two decades before theRead MoreEssay about History: World War I and Bold Experiments7600 Words   |  31 PagesExperiments in an Era of ­Industrialization, ­1877–1929 This part covers the following chapters in Henretta et al., America’s History, Seventh Edition: Chapter ­17 ­ The Busy Hive: Industrial America at Work, 1877–1911 Chapter 18 The Victorians Meet the Modern, 1880–1917 Chapter 19 â€Å"Civilization’s Inferno†: The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities, 1880 –1917 Chapter 20 Whose Government? Politics, Populists, and Progressives, 1880 –1917 Chapter 21 An Emerging World Power, 1877–1918 Chapter 22 Wrestling with ModernityRead MoreThe Rise Of America s Power1540 Words   |  7 PagesFrom 1877 to the current year of 2015, America has transformed from a country ravaged by internal conflict into a global superpower. Many key moments in history come into play to highlight the rise of America’s power. The Industrial Revolution began the steady rise of America. Through major substantial events, such as: the Spanish-American War, World War I, the Cold War, and the int roduction of a New World Order, America made a remarkable surge towards becoming the global superpower that it is todayRead MoreOrigin Development of Sociology as a Separate Science2145 Words   |  9 PagesFather of Sociology. Comte who invented the term Sociology was the first man to distinguish the subject-matter of Sociology from all the other sciences. He worked out in a series of books, a general approach to the study of society. He introduced the word sociology for the first time in his famous work ‘Positive Philosophy At About 1839’. The term Sociology is derived from the Latin word ‘Socius’, meaning companion or associate, and the Greek word ‘Logos’, meaning study of science. Auguste ComteRead MoreDuring the Gilded Age (1876-1900), Were the Presidents More Successful with Domestic Affairs or Foreign Affairs? Why?1905 Words   |  8 Pagesthe accomplishments of thousands of American thinkers, inventors, entrepreneurs, writers, and promoters of social justice. The Gilded Age and the first years of the twentieth century were a time of great social change and economic growth in the United States. Roughly spanning the years between Reconstruction and the dawn of the new century, the Gilded Age saw rapid industrialization, urbanization, the construction of great transcontinental railroads, innovations in science and technology, and the riseRead MoreEconomics of the Late Victorian Era Essay2165 Words   |  9 Pagesproduct, probably an infinitesimal part, doing the thing a thousand or thousands of times over and over again in a day-labor divided and subdivided and specialized, so that a working man is but a mere cog in the great industrial modern plant; his in dividuality lost, alienated from the tools of labor; with concentration of wealth, concentration of industry, I wonder whether any of us can imagine what would be the actual condition of the working people of our country to-day without their organizationsRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesBrief Survey of American Literature 1. Beginnings to 1700 Great mixing of peoples from the whole Atlantic basin Bloody conflicts between Native Americans (or American Indians) and European explorers and settlers who had both religious and territorial aspirations - Native American oral literature / oral tradition - European explorers’ letters, diaries, reports, etc., such as Christopher Columbus’s letters about his voyage to the â€Å"New world†. - Anglo (New England) settlers’ books, sermonsRead MoreTrade Union Movement in India9224 Words   |  37 Pagesspecial significance. As such, in order to assess their functions, role and prospects, it is essential to go into the origin and development of trade union movement and to outline the factors that helped them reach such a strong and forceful position from a small and humble beginning. Meaning of Trade Union The term trade union has been defined variously by different authors. Some view that these are only associations of employees or persons working in industry and wage earners engaged in one or moreRead MoreMidterm Review Essay9272 Words   |  38 Pagespoint | 3.) The second industrial revolution was marked by: Question options: | a) | a return to handmade goods. | | b) | a more equalized distribution of wealth. | | c) | the rapid expansion of industry across the South. | | d) | the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries. | | e) | a decline in the growth of cities. | | | | 4.) The ____________ made possible the second industrial revolution in America. | a) |

Origins of Nationalism in France Free Essays

In terms of the origins of national identity in France it is agreed that the French Revolution was the single most important period of radical social and political upheaval and was henceforth a catalyst for the spread of nationalism in France aswell as throughout the rest of Europe. Despite the fact the French Revolution occurred over 200 years ago, in present day France, there remain various symbols of the revolution which have become deeply embedded in the national identity of the country.One of which being the tricolore flag which was created to oppose the flag of the King, which itself was a symbol of the Ancient Regime. We will write a custom essay sample on Origins of Nationalism in France or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pre-revolutionary France was characterised by a social structure based on class and tradition, but more importantly, it was based on inequalities which were sanctioned by the force of law. The Ancient regime in France had been based on the division of society into legal categories. Membership of the first and second estates (clergy and nobility) conferred legal and social entitlements that were not available to the Third Estate.The idea of Absolutism meant that the Monarchy was entitled to expect the obedience of the people on the grounds that the King was the agent of God’s purpose. The French Revolution was the turning point in modern history. It was the first manifestation of nationalism in the Western world; it abolished the ancient regime and thus the absolute monarchy, giving birth to the French nation in a sudden burst of enthusiasm. In 1790 all the communities of France erected an altar to the fatherland with the inscription: â€Å"The citizen is born, lives and dies for the fatherland. The revolution began a new age in French political life, the old political order in France was destroyed and replaced by a new order that was based on individual rights , representative institutions and loyalty to the nation as opposed to the Monarch. This new era fostered new political ideals summarised in the French slogan; ‘Liberte, Egalite et Fraternite which is still to this day a symbol of French nationalism. One of the key events in the development of nationalism in France which arose with the French Revolution was ‘The declaration of the rights of man of the citizen’ in 1789.This fundamental document harboured fervour that France belonged to its people, not Louis XVI and defined the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. It created shared values such as liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression and civil equality which bought the French people together as nation. Napoleon Bonaparte also had a significant role in creating a national identity in France. He was considered by some to be the ‘preserver of the French Revolution’ as he introduced the Napoleonic Code which attempted to unite the country by making everyone equal before the law.It s pread the ideals of the revolution including legal equality and economic freedom and therefore a sentiment of nationalism through France and the rest of Europe. However, often the nationalism that developed in reaction to Napoleon took one of two tracks. In some cases, it was a conservative nationalism, a desire to go back to the old ways that prevailed before Napoleon took over and started making reforms. On the other hand, there was liberal nationalism. Napoleon continued to spread some of the fruits of the French Revolution but some people wanted more: they wanted true self-government.As a result of the French Revolution and Napoleon, French people started taking great pride in the history, language, culture and religion of their country which helped create a strong French national identity. During the French Revolution, the National Assembly decreed that the Louvre should be used as a museum, to display the nation’s masterpieces. Napoleon inspired national pride by reopening the Louvre in 1801 and bringing hundreds of famous paintings and other works of art to the nation’s attention. The French nation-state unified the French people in particular through the consolidation of the use of the French language. The French language has been essential to the concept of ‘France’ even though in 1789 only 50% of French people spoke it. Conscription, invented by Napoleon mixed the various groups of France into a nationalist mould which created the French citizen and his consciousness of membership to a common nation, while the various â€Å"patois† were progressively eradicated.Secularism in France is a fundament of the French nation. It is important when considering the national identity of France as it stems from the sense of ‘religious freedom’ which was a principle laid down by the French Revolution. It also emphasises the fact that the Republic has always recognised individuals, rather than groups and that a French citizen owes allegiance to the nation, and has no officially sanctioned ethnic or religious identity. How to cite Origins of Nationalism in France, Papers

The Effects Of The Speeches Of Brutus And Antony Essay Example For Students

The Effects Of The Speeches Of Brutus And Antony Essay The Effects of the Speeches of Brutus and AntonyJulius Caesar is one of Shakespeares greatest works. Its about agroup of conspirators who kill their king, Julius, in order to be free. Antony,opposed to the assassination, felt that he should avenge Juliuss death. Hedelivered a speech that convinced the Romans that the murder was unjust,invoking their rebellion. Brutus, head of the conspiracy, also gave a goodspeech, but the Romans didnt react to it. A battle erupted, and most of theconspirators committed suicide. The styles of the two speeches were verydifferent from each other. Brutuss speech was logical. It contained facts about Caesars ambition. He reminded the people that Caesar would have become a tyrant and would haveenslaved everyone. Brutus also explained that he didnt hate Caesar, but thathe loved Rome more. The people didnt understand, however. At one point, theywanted to crown Brutus, who intended for everyone to be free. We will write a custom essay on The Effects Of The Speeches Of Brutus And Antony specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Antonys speech was long and it evoked pity and other strong emotions. He gave reasons that proved Brutuss points to be incorrect. Antony had thepeople surround Juliuss body so that he could point out the wounds. As Antonyidentified each slice, he named the man who did it. In a sarcastic tone, Antonyrepeatedly referred to these honorable men. The Romans became enraged andattacked Cinna, a man who they thought was a conspirator, who was actually justa poet. Brutus made a big mistake by letting Antony speak at Caesars funeral. Antonys dramatic speech won the crowd over and ultimately resulted in thedownfall of the conspiracy. The emotional style of Antonys speech was muchmore effective than the rational approach used by Brutus.

Economic Stability

Economic Stability The article "The Selfishness of the Unselfish"  offers a concise observation from the liberal economists' perspective that those individuals and groups who lobby and advocate for policies and government regulation of run-away capitalism in the name of unselfishness are actually just as, if not more, "greedy"  and "selfish"  than the policies and institutions they claim to be fighting. The author, Boudreaux, describes a brief encounter he had with a woman, several years ago, who was actively involved in the city of Atlanta's historical-preservation movement and who vocally rebuked "greedy developers"  for destroying or renovating older homes and destroying these homes' "historical integrity."  The problem with this woman's argument, the author claims, is that, while she believes herself to be selfless, with the interest of preserving history and its dignity, she is actually being greedy by forcing her beliefs and opinions upon other people in the city, who may not be ab le to afford living in renovated, "historically accurate"  housing.Berry College logoThe author then goes on to describe a few instances where groups of individuals who claim to be watching over the good of society are actually advocating policies that benefit only some people at the expense of others. For example, environmentalists often vocally and passionately oppose what the author refers to as "capitalist greed."  However, while the environmental policies might benefit the environmentalists, they do so at the expense of other consumers who might benefit from the greater supply of goods and services that would be available if there weren't any of these output-reducing policies. At the end of the article, the author warns against those who protest for greater government involvement in the economy who are unable to support their protests and demands with sound, logical, well-researched evidence and reason. Most of those people who are quickest to rile and...

Postposition Definition and Examples

Postposition Definition and Examples Postposition is a word that shows the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. A postposition is similar in function to a preposition, but it follows rather than precedes the object. Its generally accepted that the only common postposition in English is the word ago. Together, prepositions and postpositions are called adpositions. Examples and Observations Here are some examples of postposition from various writers: I decided many years ago to invent myself. I had obviously been invented by someone elseby a whole societyand I didnt like their invention.(Maya Angelou)Sixty years ago I knew everything; now I know nothing; education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.(Will Durant) Ago and Its Complement Ago in English must follow its complement. (87a) John received a very generous offer a few minutes ago.(87b) *John received a very generous offer ago a few minutes. In contrast with notwithstanding, ago must piedpipe, and cannot strand. (88a) How long ago did John receive the offer?(88b) *How long did John receive the offer ago? (Peter W. Culicover, Syntactic Nuts: Hard Cases, Syntactic Theory, and Language Acquisition. Oxford Univ. Press, 1999) Hence Although ago is . . . usually said to be the only independent postposition of English, the formal use of hence with the meaning from now (as in three weeks hence) seems to be used identically. Traces of postpositional constructions are found in expressions like the whole week through and all the year round.(D.J. Allerton, Over the Hills and Far Away or Far Away Over the Hills: English Place Adverb Phrases and Place Prepositional Phrases in Tandem. Adpositions: Pragmatic, Semantic and Syntactic Perspectives, ed. by Dennis Kurzon and Silvia Adler. John Benjamins, 2008) Clitic Though not usually so treated, the clitic -s could be seen as a postposition in e.g. my friends daughter, my friend in Washingtons daughter.(P.H. Matthews, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford Univ. Press, 2007) Postpositions In Other Languages Many languages, such as English, express thematic roles by means of prepositions. Some languages, however, use postpositions (i.e., morphemes that express the same thematic roles but come after head nouns). Languages that use postpositions in this way include Korean and Japanese...For those students who have prepositions or postpositions in their native language, English prepositions are still a source of difficulty, and they remain so even as students levels of proficiency increase. One reason for this is the problem of polysemy. In learning a second language, students attempt to draw correspondences between their L1 [native language] prepositions and prepositions in the L2 [second language]. Perfect one-to-one correspondences would facilitate learning, but, given polysemy, finding these is virtually impossible.(Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008)

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Change Management - Essay Example The numerous competitors in battery manufacturing industry and market have forced the company to invest in innovation, learn from experience and share information, plan and implement changes, and respond to the external environment. The company has invested in innovation to improve its productivity, efficiency, market share, and competitiveness. The managers and the R&D department promote innovative environment to enhance employee motivation, autonomy, creativity, and to build stronger teams. The company has been committed to fostering clarity in understanding of roles, strategic partnerships, organizational restructuring, investment in human resources, and increased responsibilities to enrich the organizational culture of innovation. By empowering employees to engage in innovative processes, PPS believes this will provide them (employees) with a sense of autonomy thereby boosting job satisfaction. The company’s HR department can also work closely with R&D department to offer training and tools that enhance employee efficiency in an effort to promote a culture of internal innovation and efficiency. Red vs. Blue Ocean Strategy will particularly help PPS create uncontested markets (blue oceans) for its new products and services. In contrast, competitors are often aware of the competitive rules of the game in red oceans, a highly contested market space However, PPS has been experiencing difficulties with achieving goals and purpose of innovation. For instance, the handling of electric batteries in gear rooms, dedicated electric battery rooms, isolated sites, and facts and figures centers have proved to be a major obstacle to internal innovation. The battery handling equipment has been around for several years, and its efficiency for the job has declined drastically. At some point, PPS lacked safer handling methods due to limited number of trained and qualified personnel for battery work. Apart from the current cell handling techniques at the

Federal health care policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federal health care policy - Essay Example tient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) is an example of federal health policy that was passed and enacted in March 2010 (Cronin & Aponte, 2012). Over the past decades, federal health care policies have been criticized based on their implementation, effectiveness and consistencies with the constitutional framework of federalism. This paper, therefore, primarily aims at describing how the Obamacare raises the question of federalism, including the pros and cons in debates about the policy. It also provides the effectiveness of this policy and its consistency with the constitutional framework of federalism. President Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into law, in March 2010 (Cronin & Aponte, 2012). He outlined that Obamacare program will introduce tax credits that will help small businesses offer insurance to their employees, restrict insurance firms to drop or limit a patient’s coverage due to illness, enable individuals with pre-existing conditions to quality for insurance, and allow people of up to 26 year remain on their parent or guardian’s policies (Cronin & Aponte, 2012). A number of reforms, under this bill, have been implemented while others are scheduled for implementation, in the next few years. Both the Democrats and Republicans have since criticized the bill, even after it was passed by congress. They argue that this bill will only reduce the access and quality to healthcare, and reduce a person’s ability to purchase health insurance (Cronin & Aponte, 2012). The debate about Obamacare concerns its effectiveness in enabling all Americans access and pay for their health insurance plans. People supporting Obamacare argues that this legislation builds on the existing health care system, and uses the available medical providers, doctors and plans. It also provides affordable and accessible healthcare for Americans (Jacobs & Skocpol, 2012). Patients will be able to negotiate about health care decisions with their

Respect Essay -- Definition Essays Explication

Respect Many people have different ideas about what respect means. I think it means having respect for others, property, and respect for yourself. Most people want respect even if it is just a little. The American Heritage Dictionary states that respect is 1. A feeling of appreciative, often deferential regard, esteem. 2. The state of being regarded with honor or esteem. 3. Willingness to show consideration or appreciation. People demand different amounts of respect, though not everyone is willing to give the amount needed. Maybe this is because not every one knows what respect means. The first rule is respect for others. A few of those â€Å"others† are teachers, police, authority figures, and business people. Respect for others is listening to the person talking, not interrupting class, and being respectful to other people’s ideas. It means, doing the work shown, and not asking to repeat what was just said. But those are just a few examples. The second rule is respecting property. Respecting property is as simple as not writing on a desk in school, but it can ...

Csr and Consumer

The impact of perceived CSR initiatives on consumer’s buying behaviour: An empirical study Abu Bashar, Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Studies, Dehradun. ABSTRACT Although research into CSR and consumer behavior is still relatively young, there exists a growing interest in studying the links between CSR and marketing. The Indian consumers are now well aware that, in pursuing their business endeavors, companies now have to show more responsibility towards society and the environment where they are operating and at the same time do managers increasingly see CSR as a marketing tool to help create a competitive advantage.But what is the actual impact of companies’ engagement in CSR on consumer behavior? The consumers are getting more aware of the corporation involved in corporate social responsibility (CSR) through better education and the increased influence of the media. The companies up to a certain extent has already been realized that their socially respon sible behaviour have a direct impact on the consumer buying behaviour. In this research paper effort has been employed to investigate that how consumers are considering corporation’s CSR initiatives at the time of deciding on their purchase decision of products and services.For measuring CSR economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic variables have been considered from Carroll's definition. A random stratified sample of 250 respondents have been considered, the data have been collected with the help of structured questionnaire. After the data collection appropriate statistical data analysis was performed in the software program SPSS. Results confirm a positive relationship between perceived CSR activities and consumer buying behaviour. Keywords: corporate social responsibility, consumer behaviour, Philanthropy, Consumer buying behaviour. 1. IntroductionMultinational corporations first introduced the term stakeholder in the late 1960’s. Stakeholders were described as th ose who were in any way affected by the corporations’ activities. Soon thereafter, the term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† came into common use. The goal of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is to take responsibility for all the company’s actions and to have a positive impact on its environment, communities, employees, consumers and all other stakeholders (Freeman et al. , 2010). The European Commission (2011) defines CSR as â€Å"the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society†.More specifically, the responsibility of corporations includes the integration of social, environmental and ethical issues as well as human rights and consumer concerns, into their business operations and core strategy in close collaboration with their stakeholders. In research literature, CSR is defined as â€Å"a business organization’s configuration of principles of social responsibility, processes of social responsiveness, and policies, progr ams, and observable outcomes as they relate to the firm’s societal relationships† (Wood, 1991:693).In their opinion, the free market in that sense contributes to society by realizing this prosperity and therefore does not have any other obligations in that matter. However, on the other side of the spectrum the free market is viewed as inhibiting human freedom (e. g. through child labor) and as the root cause of economic and cultural imperialism in many developing countries. CSR is also seen as a way to attempt to be one step ahead of governmental interference, in order to avoid any kind of legislative restrictions or reprimands.Additionally, CSR is regarded as being used merely as a marketing tool, which introduces concerns about hypocrisy. As with many ethical issues, a great amount of organizations operate in the broad space in between these extremes, and the topic remains subject to continuous discussion (Friedman, 1970). One of the most important stakeholder groups is the consumer, and as Creyer and Ross (1997) confirmed; customers do indeed expect socially responsible behavior from companies. More interestingly, customers are willing to reward this behavior.It is no surprise that a steadily growing group of consumers pro-actively look for companies with ‘sustainable’ products and production methods. This new type of consumer is subject to an increasing amount of research by social and economic scientists, and characterized as ‘sophisticated’ and ‘environmentally and socially conscious’ (Forster, 2007). Corporations that do not equip themselves with CSR activities will often be left behind with the increasing global competition and borderless markets, and international corporations with sound CSR activities grow stronger (Altman, 2007).As the education level increases, consumers are made more aware of the need for pro social corporate behaviour. A lot of work has been done in Western countries to identify an organization’s behaviour regarding consumer purchasing decisions. However, not many studies have been conducted in emerging markets, such as India. CSR activities should enhance a corporation's image. This paper aims to examine the influence of perceived CSR initiatives on the buying behaviour of Indian consumers.We are interested in exploring whether consumers in India consider organisations' CSR issues before associating themselves with organisations’ products and services. Apart from that, this study also aims to identify the awareness level of Indian consumers towards CSR. The results of this study will also be useful for business organisations in understanding the consumers' priority for the CSR activities that they should be engaging in, and it will contribute to the existing literature. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows.The next section will discuss the literature review. The third section will explain on the methodology used. The findings and discussion will be presented in the fourth section and will be followed by conclusions and implications in the final section. 2. Scope of the study The scope of the study has been limited to CSR initiatives of corporate and consumer buying behaviour only. The study has been confined to Delhi & NCR region as this area has greater number of top notch corporations 3. Objectives 1. To study and analyze the current CSR practices being employed by corporations in India. . To find out the level of awareness of consumer about CSR 3. To find out the relation and impact of corporation’s CSR initiatives on consumer buying decisions 4. Research Methodology The study is based on descriptive research design. A structured questionnaire has been designed, to know the level of awareness and impact of corporation’s CSR initiatives on their buying decisions. The questionnaire consists of three major sections. The first section gathers information on consumers’ awareness towar ds corporate social responsibility (CSR).This section covers some general questions to obtain the respondent's understanding of the term CSR, which indicates the ability of the respondent to complete the rest of the questionnaire. The respondents who indicated having no knowledge in CSR were not included in the data analysis. Second section covers questions on consumer buying behaviour towards CSR initiatives by the business organisations. The statements were divided into four subsections based on Carroll's pyramid of CSR, which include economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities.While third section designed to gather demographic information of the respondents such as gender, age, education level and monthly income level. Section A and Section C were designed using nominal scales, whereas Section B was designed using a five-point Likert scale ranging from â€Å"1† for â€Å"strongly disagree† to â€Å"5† for â€Å"strongly agree†. Cronbach 's Alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the measures. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the four independent variables and one dependent variable was 0. 59. The survey was conducted in Delhi & NCR; responses of 250 respondents were collected. We targeted respondents who are seems to be conscious buyer and hence the sampling technique is non-probability convenience sampling. For visual representation of finding and results bar charts, pie charts and tables etc. ahs been used. 5. Review of literature During the 21th century, the focus of the environmental aspect of CSR grew even stronger and society’s increased interest regarding environmental issues put new light on CSR.Hence, even higher pressure was put on corporations and their initiatives for support of the environment. This can be seen in the European Commission’s CSR-report from 2002, in which CSR is described to have a close relationship between companies and societies to tackle both socia l and environmental concerns: â€Å"CSR is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.In their latest definition, the European Commission (2011) explains CSR as â€Å"the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society†. Another trend emerging in the 21th century was the focus of CSR from a consumer perspective. The fact that corporations started to work and participate actively in projects regarding CSR predictably woke up an interest also among consumers. Researchers were then eager to find out whether CSR activities had any influence on consumers or not, and if so, in what way and to what extent. In 2001, Mohr et al. tudied the relationship between CSR and consumers’ buying behavior. The results of the study showed that the majority of the respondents were in general positively disposed towards social responsible firms and moreo ver expected firms to be highly active within CSR. Furthermore, the results revealed that a small majority of the respondents did not really think about basing their purchase behavior on CSR or did it only sometimes, even if CSR as a buying criterion didn’t play much of a role in the decision processes or purchase behavior.However, 39% of the respondents were basing some or much of their purchasing on CSR (Mohr et al. , 2001). In 2005, Becker-Olsen and Hill contributed with two studies investigating the role of perceived fit (e. g. Similarity between corporate mission and social initiative), perceived corporate motive (other-centered versus profit-centered), and timing of an announcement (reactive versus proactive) on consumers’ responses to corporate social initiatives. The aim of the study was to explore the impact of perceived CSR on consumer behavior.The results of the study demonstrated that an overwhelming majority of the respondents believed that firms should en gage in social initiatives and 76% thought that those initiatives would benefit the firms. About half of the respondents stated that they would boycott firms that acted irresponsibly, if reasonable alternatives were available (Becker-Olsen & Hill, 2005). Finally, another relatively new trend within CSR developed in the 21th century is to view and utilize the whole concept as a competitive advantage.In 2006, the marketing and strategy guru Michael Porter wrote an article together with Mark R. Kramer, in which they introduced a framework that organizations can use to identify the impact they have on society, determine which effects to address and then suggest effective ways to do so. The authors propose that when looking at CSR from a strategically perspective it can become a source of remarkable social progress, since corporations apply their resources, expertise, and insights to activities that benefit society as a whole (Porter & Kramer, 2006).In carrying out their economic respons ibility, corporations are expected work within the framework of laws and regulations as a partial fulfillment of the â€Å"social contract† between corporations and society. Carroll (1991) stated that it is important for legal responsibility to be performed in a manner that is consistent with the expectations of governments and laws complying with the various federal, state and local regulations. A successful corporation should be recognised as one that fulfils its legal obligations.Conchius (2006), on the other hand, stated that legal responsibility includes abiding by consumer and product laws, environmental laws and employment laws while also adhering to laws and regulations governing competition in the marketplace. However, legal responsibilities do not embrace the full range of behaviours expected of corporations by society. Laws are important, but they are often inadequate. First, they cannot possibly address all of the issues or areas that a corporation may face.Second , laws often lag behind more recent concepts of what is considered right behaviour, and third, laws may represent the personal interests and political motivations of legislators (Carroll, 1998). Although economic and legal responsibilities represent ethical standards concerning fairness and justice, ethical responsibility encompasses those activities and practices expected or prohibited by society that expand beyond the limitations of legal responsibilities.Ethical responsibility embodies those standards and expectations that reflect a concern for what consumers, employees, shareholders, and the community regard as fair, just, or in keeping with the respect or protection of stakeholders' moral rights (Carroll, 1979). According to Carroll (1991), business performance can be determined by the corporation's consistency in promoting moral and ethical standards. If a corporation practises good corporate citizenship, the activities of the corporation are trusted.Ethical responsibility als o recognises that corporate integrity and ethical behaviour should go beyond the requirements of laws and regulations. Balancing economic, legal and ethical responsibilities is important. If the corporation does something that is appropriately economic and legal, it must also be appropriately ethical. Philanthropic responsibility refers to corporate actions that are in response to society's expectations of good corporate citizens. Corporate philanthropy is likely to enhance the image of corporations especially those that have high public visibility.Corporate philanthropy should also increase employee loyalty and improve customer ties. Philanthropic activities include business contributions in terms of financial resources or executive time, such as contributions to the arts, education, or communities. The distinguishing characteristic between philanthropic and ethical responsibilities is that philanthropic responsibilities are not expected in an ethical or moral sense. Philanthropy i s located at the most voluntary and discretionary dimension of corporate responsibility and has not always been linked to profits or the ethical culture of the firm (Ferrell, 2004).Although society wishes corporations to be philanthropic, it is voluntary on the part of corporations (Carroll, 1991). According to Fombrun, Gardberg and Barnett (2000), the case for philanthropy comes from two different sources; strategic philanthropists argue that, although philanthropy may not generate direct economic returns, it will enhance the firm's long-term competitive position through intangible gains in reputation, legitimacy or employee loyalty. Consumer Behaviour towards CSR This paper aims to examine consumers' buying behaviour as a result of corporate CSR initiatives.We are interested in examining that whether the purchase decisions of the products and services of consumers in India are based on corporation's CSR initiatives or not. In addition, we also seek to identify which type of CSR co mponent based on Carroll's pyramid of CSR will have significant impact on consumers' buying behaviour. Several studies have suggested that there is a positive relationship between a corporation's CSR activities and consumers' attitudes towards that corporation and its products (Brown & Dacin, 1997; Creyer Ross, 1997; Ellen, Webb, & Mohr, 2000).Mohr, Webb and Harris (2001) examined and their finding indicated a significant relationship between CSR and consumer responses. Sen and Bhattacharya (2001) research on reaction of consumers to CSR shows that CSR will directly affect consumers' intentions to purchase corporation's products. As cited in Pomering and Dolnicar (2008), marketplace polls reported that consumers expect corporations to provide information about what they do, and they will support those corporations that pursue CSR initiatives.Environics International Ltd. (Environics, 1999) conducted a survey regarding consumer responses towards corporate social responsibility. The r esult of the survey indicated that Australians have the highest CSR consumer expectations from businesses. A total of 86% of US respondents in the survey of Cone Inc. (2004) said that corporations should provide information on how they support social issues. 6. Research Results and Discussions Table 1: Gender of respondents | |Gender | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Model |R |R Square |Adjusted R Square |Std. Error of the Estimate | |CSR-CB |. 573a |. 329 |. 315 |. 36483 | |a. Predictors 🙠 Constants) CSR: corporate social responsibility components which include ethical, economic, philanthropic, | |legal. CB-Consumer Behaviour | The R square (coefficient of determination) is a portion of the total variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variables. According to the model summary, R square is equal to 0. 329, which is less than 1.This indicates that there is a weak linear relationship between CSR activities and consumers' bu ying behaviour. Approximately 32. 7% of variance in all the CSR components can significantly explain consumers' buying behaviour. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been preformed to test whether there is a statistical significant linear relationship between the combination of the four CSR components (Economic, legal, Ethical and philanthropic) and consumers' buying behaviour exists or not. According to Table 9, the p-value is . 000, indicating that the four CSR components significantly influence consumers' buying behaviour. Table 9: ANOVA of Multiple Regressions ANOVAb | |Model |Sum of Squares| |bDependent Variable (CB): consumer behaviour | | | | A coefficient table is very much helpful in explaining the relationship between the four CSR components and consumers' buying behaviour. Based on the calculated significances in Significance (Sig. ) column of Table 10, the p-value for each CSR component is less than 0. 05, which indicates that all the CSR components have a statisticall y significant relationship with consumers' buying behaviour. Table 10: Coefficients of Multiple Regressions Coefficientsa | |Model |Unstandardized Coefficients |Standardized |t |Sig. | | | |Coefficients | | | | |B |Std. Error |Beta | | In Table 10, the unstandardised beta coefficient is used for the values of the numbers in the linear regression equation.Theory explains that a higher beta value indicates a greater impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The independent variable (CSR components) can be ranked according to the magnitude of the beta coefficient to determine which component has the most significant impact on consumers' buying behaviour. The regression model relates Y (the dependent variable) to a function of X (the independent variable) and ? (the unknown parameter). It is formulated as Y ? f(X, ? ). The multiple regression analyses performed in this study are modeled as follows: Yi = ? 1xi1 + ? 2xi2 + ? 3xi3 + ? 4xi4 Therefore, the multiple re gressions line equation for this current study is: Consumer Behaviour = 1. 286 + 0. 59 Economic Responsibility + 0. 168 Philanthropic Responsibility + 0. 166 Ethical Responsibility + 0. 112 Legal Responsibility. The results explicitly defines that the economic responsibility attribute has the most significant impact on consumers' buying behaviour, as it has the highest beta value, followed by philanthropic responsibility, ethical responsibility and, finally, legal responsibility. Indian consumers seem to view CSR priority differently from other nations. Economic responsibility was still the basic utmost priority preferred. However, they ranked philanthropic responsibility as the second most important responsibility compared with legal responsibility.It is not surprising that Indian consumers see corporations' philanthropic responsibility as being more important than their legal responsibility. Consumers want corporations to contribute their money, facilities and employees' time to h umanitarian programs or purposes. Indians have been known as one of the most generous nations in the world. For example, the country's rate of donation and participation in helping the victims of natural disasters in the world has always been very encouraging. In addition, we have always heard that the generous Indians have made financial pledges and contributions to help those in need, they be orphaned children, the poor, accident victims and so on.Although the Indian consumers themselves have been very generous, the expectation for business institutions to do the same is unquestionable. As for complying with rules and regulations, it is not surprising that Indian consumers ranked legal responsibility last compared with Carroll's pyramid, which suggested that legal responsibility is the next most important responsibility Compared with those in developed nations, Indians regard rules lightly, to a certain extent, as we have always heard from the news about how Indians bend and ignor e stipulated rules and regulations. Among the most common examples are the bending of traffic rules and regulations promoting environmental protection. 7. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONSFor academicians, this research makes a contribution to the understanding the underlying dynamics of the role of corporate social responsibility in consumers' buying behaviour. The result of this study indicates that all of the CSR components have a significant relationship with consumers' buying behaviour. However, the limitations of this study must also be considered. The major limitation relates to the sample. With only 250 usable respondents, this sample size might limit the external validity of the findings. Managers should note that this research supports previous results reported in the literature, suggesting that a substantial, viable and identifiable consumer group exists that considers a company's level of social responsibility in its purchase decisions.Manufacturers and retailers have an oppor tunity to appeal to this group while simultaneously meeting their business objectives and make contributions to society. The type of CSR activities that should be engaged by the corporations should preferably be based on the priority indicated in the finding of this study, where the economic responsibility attribute has the most significant impact on consumers' buying behaviour, followed by philanthropic responsibility, ethical responsibility and finally, legal responsibility. However, companies that promote themselves as socially responsible need to be prepared to deal with criticisms of any irresponsible behaviour they are seen as committing, as information travels within seconds in this information technology era.In contrast, companies who disregard expectations concerning social responsibly may risk consumer boycotts as a result of the strengthening of consumers' awareness and rights in today's market scenario. 8. References Ali, I. , Rehman, U. K. , Yilmaz, K. A. , Nazir, S. & Ali, F. J. 2010. Effects of CSR on ConsumerRetention. African Journal of Business Management. Vol. 4, pp. 475-485. Altman, W. (2007/2008, January). Working for the greater good? Engineering Management. Retrieved 27 July 2010, from www. theiet. org/management Anderson, E. W. , Fornell, C. , & Mazvancheryl, S. K. 2004. Customer Satisfaction and Shareholder Value. Journal of Marketing. Vol. 68, No. , pp. 172–185. Argandona, A. (1998). The stakeholder theory and the common good. 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The Challenge of Organizational Communication - 714 Words

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